Towering Infernos - The Kuwait Oil Fires | Association For Diplomatic... ~ HQInfo

During Operation Desert Storm (1991), Iraqi forces damaged and set aflame hundreds of oil wells in Kuwait, creating Health effects related to oil well fire smoke exposure depend on the nature of the gases and particles inhaled, how Individuals most at risk for long term and chronic health effects areLess than eight months after most of its oil wells were set ablaze by withdrawing Iraqi troops, causing one of the world's great environmental and economic catastrophes, Kuwait has put out most of the fires. Oil-industry officials in the region said this week that all the blazes would be extinguished...The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by Iraqi military forces setting fire to a reported 605 to 732 oil wells along with an unspecified number of oil filled Kuwait is a constitutional emirate with a high income economy backed by the world's sixth largest oil reserves. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest...The obstruction could affect oil and gas shipments to Europe from the Middle East, with Syria already rationing the distribution of fuel in the The Ever Given is now in a more horizontal position when seen from this side of the canal, having previously been spreadeagled diagonally across the waterway.Shortly before oil was discovered, Kuwait was already finding itself in a series of crises. For the most part, Great Britain didn't try to intervene in Kuwait affairs; as long as Britain was able to maintain its ports Out of its 398 oil wells, 290 oil wells were set on fire by explosions.[3] The Magwa oil...

Most Oil Fires Are Out in Kuwait, But Its Environment Is Devastated

To improve the performance of our website, show the most relevant news products and targeted advertising, we collect technical impersonal information Reuters has reported, citing security sources, that two bombs targeted oil wells in the Khabbaz oil fields over 200 km north of Baghdad, causing a...Oil fires release deadly substances into the air, soil and water sources, as seen when retreating Iraqi forces lit more than 650 oil wells in Kuwait in The United Nations as well as many environmental groups and charities have used strong language and pushed for the fires to be extinguished and...Two decades after Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait and set fire to its oil wells, the emirate is finally coming to grips with cleaning up the toxic oil lakes left behind. It is the emirate's second serious shot at rehabilitating some 100 square kilometres of northern Kuwait that are dotted with more than 2,400...They hoped to set off explosions to kill enemy troops and win the war. They wanted revenge when they were forced to retreat from Kuwait. You just gave 2 answers which one is it.

Kuwait Oil Fires | Most Viewed

The oil fires in kuwait. About a year later, in the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-585, Section 704), the Congressional mandate for information was expanded to all who served in the Persian Gulf during the conflict, not just those known to be exposed to oil fire smoke.America helped Kuwait because Kuwait sells oil to America.The formation and success of several mid eastern countries are directly related to the discovery and The largest oil spill occurred in Kuwait in 1991 as wells were purposely set on fire by the Iraqi military. Some lists of the worse spills in history...After Saddam Hussein had the Kuwait Oil wells lit up, teams from all over the world fought those fires for months. It may not be fair to review this work from the DVD version rather than the IMAX adventure it was meant to be - the Warner DVD picture quality being uncomfortably compressed.Kuwaiti oil fires has been listed as a level-5 vital article in History. If you can improve it, please do. 8 Inclusion of the Kuwaiti Oil Lakes and Gulf War Oil Spill; Comparison to Lakeview Gusher. >"In 1991, during the Persian Gulf War, some 800 oil wells in Kuwait were >set on fire by Iraqi troops.Some were set on fire. On behalf of the Kuwait Oil Company, Bechtel and an international team took on the raging fires, managed the environmental restoration, and reconstructed the country's oil In just nine months, the team extinguished and capped 650 damaged or burning oil wells in Kuwait.

Jump to navigation Jump to search Smoke plumes from a couple of of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires on April 7, 1991.[1][2]

The Kuwaiti oil fires had been caused via Iraqi army forces atmosphere fire to a reported 605 to 732 oil wells along side an unspecified choice of oil filled low-lying spaces, reminiscent of oil lakes and fire trenches, as a part of a scorched earth policy whilst taking flight from Kuwait in 1991 due to the advances of US-led coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War. The fires have been began in January and February 1991, and the first smartly fires were extinguished in early April 1991, with the remaining smartly capped on November 6, 1991.[3]

Motives

Oil smartly fires, south of Kuwait City. (Photo taken from inside a UH-60 Blackhawk; the door frame is the black bar on the right of the picture)

The dispute between Iraq and Kuwait over alleged slant-drilling in the Rumaila oil field was one among the reasons for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.[4][5]

Kuwaiti oil well fire, south of Kuwait City, March, 1991

In addition, Kuwait had been producing oil above treaty limits established via OPEC.[6] By the eve of the Iraqi invasion, Kuwait had set production quotas to almost 1.9 million barrels in line with day (300,000 m3/d), which coincided with a sharp drop in the worth of oil. By the summer of 1990, Kuwaiti overproduction had become a major level of contention with Iraq.

Some analysts have speculated that one of Saddam Hussein's major motivations in invading Kuwait was to punish the ruling al-Sabah circle of relatives in Kuwait for no longer preventing its coverage of overproduction, as well as his reasoning at the back of the destruction of mentioned wells.[7]

It could also be hypothesized that Iraq made up our minds to smash the oil fields to succeed in a military benefit, believing the intense smoke plumes serving as smoke displays created through the burning oil wells would inhibit Coalition offensive air moves, foil allied precision guided guns and spy satellites,[8] and could screen Iraq's military movements. Furthermore, it is idea that Iraq's military leaders may have looked the heat, smoke, and debris from loads of burning oil wells as presenting a powerful space denial obstacle to Coalition forces. The onset of the oil smartly destruction helps this military measurement to the sabotage of the wells; for instance, during the early stage of the Coalition air campaign, the number of oil wells afire was fairly small but the number increased dramatically in overdue February with the arrival of the flooring warfare.[9]

The Iraqi army fight engineers additionally released oil into low-lying areas for defensive purposes in opposition to infantry and mechanized units alongside Kuwait's southern border, by means of setting up a number of "fire trenches" kind of 1 kilometer lengthy, Three meters huge, and 3 meters deep to obstruct the advance of Coalition floor forces.[9]

The military use of the land primarily based fires should also be observed in context with the coinciding, deliberate, sea primarily based Gulf War oil spill, the obvious strategic goal of which was to foil a potential amphibious touchdown by means of U.S. Marines.[10]

Extent

The Kuwaiti oil fires were not simply restricted to burning oil wells, one of which is observed here in the background, however burning "oil lakes", seen in the foreground, also contributed to the smoke plumes, particularly the sootiest/blackest of them (1991).[1]

As a world coalition under United States command assembled in anticipation of an invasion of Iraqi-occupied Kuwait, the Iraqi regime decided to damage as a lot of Kuwait's oil reserves and infrastructure as conceivable prior to chickening out from that nation. As early as December 1990, Iraqi forces positioned explosive fees on Kuwaiti oil wells. The wells were systematically sabotaged starting on January 16, 1991, when the allies commenced air moves towards Iraqi targets. On February 8, satellite photographs detected the first smoke from burning oil wells. The number of oil fires peaked between February 22 and 24, when the allied ground offensive began.[11]

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's file to Congress, "the retreating Iraqi army set fire to or damaged over 700 oil wells, storage tanks, refineries, and facilities in Kuwait."[12] Estimates positioned the selection of oil smartly fires from 605 to 732. An extra thirty-four wells were destroyed via heavy coalition bombing in January.[11] The Kuwait Petroleum Company's estimate as of September 1991 was that there have been 610 fires, out of a complete of 749 amenities broken or on fire in conjunction with an unspecified choice of oil crammed low-lying areas, corresponding to "oil lakes" and "fire trenches".[3] These fires constituted roughly 50% of the general collection of oil neatly fires in the historical past of the petroleum business,[12] and quickly damaged or destroyed roughly 85% of the wells in each and every major Kuwaiti oil box.[11]

Concerted efforts to convey the fires and different injury below keep an eye on began in April 1991. During the uncontrolled burning phase from February to April,[13] more than a few sources estimated that the ignited wellheads burnt through between four and 6 million barrels of crude oil, and between seventy and one hundred million cubic meters of natural gas consistent with day.[13][14] Seven months later, 441 amenities had been brought beneath regulate, while 308 remained uncontrolled.[12] The ultimate well was capped on November 6, 1991. The overall amount of oil burned is generally estimated at about a billion barrels of the entire 100 4 billion supply. Almost one in each A hundred barrels was destroyed perpetually.[11][15][16] Daily world oil intake in 2015 is about 91.Four million barrels;[17] the oil misplaced to combustion would closing 11 days at fashionable utilization charges.

Military results

USAF aircraft fly over burning Kuwaiti oil wells (1991) The oil fires caused a dramatic decrease in air high quality, inflicting breathing problems for many squaddies on the ground with out gasoline masks (1991). United States Marines method burning oilfields throughout floor struggle of the Gulf War (1991).

On March 21, 1991, a Royal Saudi Air Force C-130H crashed in heavy smoke due to the Kuwaiti oil fires on way to Ras Mishab Airport, Saudi Arabia. 92 Senegalese infantrymen and 6 Saudi crew individuals have been killed, the biggest accident among Coalition forces.[18]

The smoke screening was additionally used by Iraqi anti-armor forces to a a hit extent in the Battle of Phase Line Bullet, having aided in achieving the part of marvel against advancing Bradley (IFV)s, at the side of increasing the normal fog of battle.

The fires burned out of regulate as a result of the risks of sending in firefighting crews all the way through the war. Land mines have been positioned in spaces round the oil wells and army demining was important prior to the fires might be put out. Around 5 million barrels (790,000 m3) of oil have been misplaced on a daily basis. Eventually, privately shriveled crews extinguished the fires, at a total price of US1.5 billion to Kuwait.[19] By that point, alternatively, the fires had burned for approximately ten months, inflicting popular air pollution.

The fires had been connected with what was later deemed Gulf War Syndrome, a chronic disorder afflicting army veterans and civilian workers that come with fatigue, muscle ache, and cognitive problems; however, studies have indicated that the firemen who capped the wells didn't record any of the symptoms that the soldiers skilled.[20] The causes of Gulf War Syndrome haven't begun to be determined.

From the perspective of floor forces, apart from the occasional "oil rain" experienced by troops very shut to spewing wells,[21] one among the more often experienced results of the oil box fires had been the ensuing smoke plumes which rose into the surroundings after which brought on or fell out of the air by the use of dry deposition and via rain. The pillar-like plumes incessantly broadened and joined up with other smoke plumes at higher altitudes, producing a cloudy gray overcast impact, as best about 10% of all the fires corresponding with those who originated from "oil lakes" produced natural black soot stuffed plumes, 25% of the fires emitted white to grey plumes, while the the rest emitted plumes with colors between gray and black.[1] For example, one Gulf War veteran stated:[1][2][21]

It was like a cloudy day all day lengthy, in truth, we didn't understand it was smoke to start with. The smoke was about 500 ft above us, so we couldn't see the sky. However, lets see horizontally for long distances and not using a downside. We knew it was smoke when the mucous from our nostrils began to glance black..."

A paper printed in 2000 analyzed the degree of exposure by means of troops to particulate matter, which incorporated soot but the paper centered more-so on silica sand, which can produce silicosis. The paper incorporated troop medical data,[22] and in its conclusion: "A literature review indicated negligible to nonexistent health risk from other inhaled particulate material (other than silica) during the Gulf War".

Extinguishing efforts

Environmental have an effect on

Oil fire smoke See additionally: Nuclear iciness § Kuwait wells in the first Gulf War An oilfield on fire (1991)

Immediately following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, predictions have been made from an environmental crisis stemming from Iraqi threats to blow up captured Kuwaiti oil wells. Speculation ranging from a nuclear winter sort situation, to heavy acid rain or even brief term fast world warming had been presented at the World Climate Conference in Geneva that November.[32][33]

On January 10, 1991, a paper showing in the journal Nature mentioned Paul Crutzen's calculations predicting that the oil well fires would produce a cloud of smoke protecting part the Northern Hemisphere, ensuing in well-liked cooling equivalent to nuclear wintry weather; temperatures beneath the cloud could be reduced by 5—10 degrees Celsius after A hundred days.[34] This was followed through articles published in the Wilmington Morning Star and the Baltimore Sun newspapers in mid to late January 1991, with the standard tv scientist persona of the time, Carl Sagan, who was additionally the co-author of the first few nuclear wintry weather papers together with Richard P. Turco, John W. Birks, Alan Robock and Paul Crutzen in combination jointly stated that they anticipated catastrophic nuclear winter like effects with continental sized impacts of "sub-freezing" temperatures because of this if the Iraqis went through with their threats of igniting 300 to 500 pressurized oil wells and they burned for a couple of months.[8][33]

Later when Operation Desert Storm had begun, S. Fred Singer and Carl Sagan discussed the conceivable environmental impacts of the Kuwaiti petroleum fires on the ABC News program Nightline. Sagan again argued that a few of the effects of the smoke could be similar to the effects of a nuclear iciness, with smoke lofting into the stratosphere, a area of the surroundings beginning round 43,000 toes (13,000 m) above sea level at Kuwait,[35] ensuing in international effects and that he believed the web effects would be very similar to the explosion of the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815, which resulted in the year 1816 being referred to as the Year Without a Summer. He reported on preliminary modeling estimates that forecast affects extending to south Asia, and most likely to the northern hemisphere as well.

Singer, on the other hand, said that calculations showed that the smoke would go to an altitude of about 3,000 feet (910 m) after which be rained out after about three to five days and thus the life of the smoke can be restricted. Both height estimates made by means of Singer and Sagan turned out to be mistaken, albeit with Singer's narrative being nearer to what transpired, with the relatively minimal atmospheric results final limited to the Persian Gulf region, with smoke plumes, in common,[1] lofting to about 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and a few times as top as 20,000 ft (6,100 m).[36][37]

Along with Singer's televised critique, Richard D. Small criticized the preliminary Nature paper in a reply on March 7, 1991 arguing alongside an identical strains as Singer.[38]

Sagan later conceded in his e-book The Demon-Haunted World that his prediction didn't end up to be correct: "it was pitch black at noon and temperatures dropped 4–6 °C over the Persian Gulf, but not much smoke reached stratospheric altitudes and Asia was spared."[39]

At the height of the fires, the smoke absorbed 75 to 80% of the solar's radiation. The debris rose to a maximum of 20,000 ft (6,100 m), but have been scavenged through cloud condensation nuclei from the surroundings relatively temporarily.[40][41]

Sagan and his colleagues anticipated that a "self-lofting" of the sooty smoke would occur when it absorbed the solar's warmth radiation, with little to no scavenging occurring, whereby the black debris of soot could be heated through the sun and lifted/lofted higher and better into the air, thereby injecting the soot into the stratosphere where it might take years for the solar blocking effect of this aerosol of soot to fall out of the air, and with that, catastrophic floor level cooling and agricultural affects in Asia and possibly the Northern Hemisphere as a complete.[42]

In retrospect, it is now known that smoke from the Kuwait oil fires only affected the climate development all the way through the Persian Gulf and surrounding region all through the sessions that the fires have been burning in 1991, with lower atmospheric winds blowing the smoke alongside the japanese part of the Arabian Peninsula, and cities similar to Dhahran and Riyadh, and international locations akin to Bahrain experienced days with smoke crammed skies and carbon soot rainout/fallout.[43]

Thus the rapid result of the arson sabotage was a dramatic regional lower in air quality, causing respiration issues for many Kuwaitis and the ones in neighboring countries.

According to the 1992 study from Peter Hobbs and Lawrence Radke, day by day emissions of sulfur dioxide (which can generate acid rain) from the Kuwaiti oil fires have been 57% of that from electric utilities in the United States, the emissions of carbon dioxide have been 2% of world emissions and emissions of soot reached 3400 metric heaps in line with day.[40][41]

In a paper in the DTIC archive, revealed in 2000, it states that "Calculations based on smoke from Kuwaiti oil fires in May and June 1991 indicate that combustion efficiency was about 96% in producing carbon dioxide. While, with respect to the incomplete combustion fraction, Smoke particulate matter accounted for 2% of the fuel burned, of which 0.4% was soot." (With the closing 2% being oil that didn't go through any initial combustion).[22]

Smoke documentary

Peter V. Hobbs also narrated a brief newbie documentary titled Kuwait Oil Fires that followed the University of Washington/UW's "Cloud and Aerosol Research Group" as they flew via, round and above the smoke clouds and took samples, measurements, and video of the smoke clouds in their Convair C-131(N327UW[44]) Aerial laboratory.[45]

Damage to beach

A 2008 image of the mummified stays of a hen, encrusted within the top laborious layer of a dry oil lake in the Kuwaiti barren region.

Although eventualities that predicted long-lasting environmental impacts on a global atmospheric level due to the burning oil sources did not transpire, long-lasting floor level oil spill affects have been destructive to the setting locally.[46]

Forty-six oil wells are estimated to have gushed,[3] and sooner than efforts to cap them started, they had been releasing approximately 300,000-400,000 barrels of oil in step with day, with the closing gusher being capped happening in the latter days of October 1991.[13]

The Kuwaiti Oil Minister estimated between twenty-five and fifty million barrels of unburned oil from damaged facilities pooled to create approximately 300 oil lakes, that infected round Forty million tons of sand and earth. The mix of desert sand, unignited oil spilled and soot generated via the burning oil wells shaped layers of onerous "tarcrete", which lined nearly 5 percent of Kuwait's land mass.[47][48][49]

Cleaning efforts had been led through the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Arab Oil Co., who tested a lot of technologies together with the use of petroleum-degrading micro organism on the oil lakes.[50]

Vegetation in most of the contaminated spaces adjacent the oil lakes began improving via 1995, but the dry local weather has also in part solidified some of the lakes. Over time the oil has persevered to sink into the sand, with doable penalties for Kuwait's small groundwater sources.[7][50]

The land primarily based Kuwaiti oil spill surpassed the Lakeview Gusher, which spilled 9 million pounds in 1910, as the largest oil spill in recorded history.

Six to eight million barrels of oil have been immediately spilled into the Persian Gulf, which become known as the Gulf War oil spill.[12]

Comparable incidents

During the 2d US invasion of Iraq in 2003, approximately 40 oil wells were set on fire in the Persian gulf inside Iraqi territory, ostensibly to once again obstruct the invasion.[25][30][51]

The Kuwait Wild Well Killers, who effectively extinguished Forty one of the Kuwait oil well fires in 1991, used their enjoy to tackle blazes in the Iraqi Rumaila oilfields in 2003.[31]

Firefighters struggle to protected a burning oil smartly in the Iraqi Rumaila oilfields in 2003.[25]

Landsat 7 CGI symbol of Baghdad, April 2, 2003. Fires set in an try to hinder attacking air forces.

In pop culture

The fires are featured in Werner Herzog's 1992 film Lessons of Darkness. There was additionally a flyover as well as some ground pictures of the oil fires in the 1992 nonverbal movie Baraka, shot on 70mm Todd-AO movie. The 2004 film The Manchurian Candidate incorporated a scene set in Kuwait in February 1991, with burning oil fields seen in the background. In the 2005 film Jarhead, the oil fires burn frequently all the way through the 1991 invasion of Iraq, and its effects—an unceasing rain of unburned oil and smoke-filled skies, feature prominently in the story. In the 1999 movie Three Kings, oil fires are featured in more than one scenes. In the Nineties TV sequence The X-Files, the "Black Oil" is thought to be an alien illness inflicting agent, evoking the conspiracy principle that Gulf War syndrome was led to by means of the Kuwaiti oil. The 2001 episode, "Vienen", includes an oil-rig fire that might probably disperse The Black Oil contagion. In the 2002 video game Eternal Darkness the fires are featured in the ultimate stage of the game as a key plot point.

See additionally

Environmental impact of conflict Gulf War oil spill Devil's Cigarette Lighter - a gas well fire that ate up 16 million cubic meters of gasoline in keeping with day.

References

^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")correct 0.1em middle/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"IV. 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Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. Oxford: BPC Wheatons Ltd. p. 68. ^ Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses: Final Report, December 1996 ^ a b "Possible Health effects of Oil fires". ^ a b "Particulate Exposure During The Persian Gulf War B. R Thomas 2000. PDF". Archived from the unique on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2016. ^ a b c Betchel corporation Kuwait: Bringing Back the Sun ^ "See how the Kuwait Oil Fields were Restored". Bechtel Corporate. 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ISBN 978-0-394-53512-8. ^ a b Airborne Studies of the Smoke from the Kuwait Oil Fires Hobbs, Peter V; Radke, Lawrence F Science; May 15, 1992; 256,5059 ^ a b Hobbs, Peter V.; Radke, Lawrence F. (May 15, 1992). "Airborne Studies of the Smoke from the Kuwait Oil Fires". Science. 256 (5059): 987–91. Bibcode:1992Sci...256..987H. doi:10.1126/science.256.5059.987. PMID 17795001. S2CID 43394877. ^ "PAGE 2 of 2: Burning oil wells could be disaster, Sagan says January 23, 1991". ^ Patrick K. Dowling. "The Meteorological Effects of the Kuwait Oil Fires" (PDF). ^ "Photo Search Results". Retrieved March 24, 2015. ^ Kuwait Oil Fires. YouTube. January 23, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2015. ^ Khordagui, Hosny (1993). "Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment". Environmental Management. 17 (4): 557–562. Bibcode:1993EnMan..17..557K. doi:10.1007/bf02394670. 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Further studying

Against the Fires of Hell: The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War. Hawley, T. M., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1992.

External hyperlinks

Fighting the Oil Well Fires Oil fire pictures taken by a Kuwaiti journalist in 1991 "The Kuwaiti Oil Fires (Environmental Disasters)"Published by way of Facts on File, Inc, April 2005, ISBN 0816057583, Author Kristine HirschmannvteGulf War Conflict timeline Disarmament timelineBackflooring Iran–Iraq War Operation Simoom Ba'athist Iraq Petroleum trade in IraqInvasion of Kuwait Battle of Dasman Palace Battle of the Bridges Battle of Failaka U.N. Resolution 660Coalition intervention U.N. Resolution 661 Coalition Iraq–United States members of the family Carter Doctrine Military apparatusBattles Air marketing campaign Air engagements "Package Q" air strike Khafji Wadi Al-Batin Samurra Al Busayyah 67 Easting 73 Easting Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge 2d Kuwait Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Rumaila SafwanAftermath Operation Southern Watch Iraq sanctions Kuwaiti oil fires 1991 uprisings Draining of the marshes Gulf War oil spill Depleted uranium Gulf War syndrome Awards Operation Provide Comfort Iraq–Kuwait barrierMemorials LondonMilitary technology History of the M1 Abrams Lion of Babylon (tank) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_fires&oldid=1007643511"

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